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Criminology “The scientific study of crime and criminal behavior”

By Falak Sher Khan

A few days back, there were a bundle of articles on conditions of jails and the mistreatment done with the inmates in jails. During that particular period, I took interest in the issue and went to Attock jail for a better understanding of the whole issue but to my amazement, the situation there was not as dire as I was expecting. The inmates were not being tortured or ill-treated in any way. Neither were the prisoners in any of the conditions as portrayed in some of the articles that I went through earlier. After being granted permission to observe 302 Murder (Death Sentenced) convicts, two experienced officials briefed me thoroughly about the system and structure of jail and afterward guided to me to the death cells. The inmates were getting ready to say their prayers and we waited for them to be done. After about fifteen minutes, I started my interview from them one by one regarding the behavior of the administration. They expressed briefly that administration is very cooperative and no one mistreat us but our captivity place is too crammed to lie down easily. One of the prisoners was very young and really good looking with gleaming blue eyes, I asked for his act of penalty, he replied that a friend of his abused him verbally and, getting provoked, he fired three shots on him, thus ending up in death cell. He further revealed that he was merely seventeen years old when he committed the crime and now after 7 years, he is 23 years old. Another shocking case was about a young boy about 22 years of age who killed his own father with a dagger and it was about a week or so that he had been in custody, yet he had not changed the Kurta (Shirt) that had the blood stains of his father all over it. These incidents of very young individuals taking such drastic steps were beyond me. Subsequently, it raised a query in my mind that what could be going on in the mind of an individual or culprit that he takes such dire steps. It is difficult for a normal person even to see someone getting hurt rather than actually killing someone and to be able to live with the burden of a guilty conscience is a perpetual torture in itself. What can be the reason of one man killing another man was a question revolving in my sub conscious endlessly. A close friend of mine advised me to study the subject of Criminology, which is defined as the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior. Criminology is an advanced, theoretical field of study. It is the study of crime, the cause of crime (Etiology), the meaning of crime in terms of law and community and the reaction to crime. Theory is a complex subject in its own right and criminological theory is no exception. Criminals do not just take any step or decision. They are individuals, like us, but are affected, directly or indirectly, by their surroundings in one way or the other, mostly facing negative scenarios. According to research on criminal behavior, there are varieties of rational decisions that a criminal would make in the process of committing a crime. In criminology, criminologists keep in mind the factor that is free will but they eliminate some aspects such as background and situational factors that might incline someone towards committing a crime. In 18th century, criminology arose as social philosophers gave thought to crime and concepts of law. Over time, several schools of thought have developed. Two prominent schools were Classical & Positivist. In the Classical school, philosophers argued that people have the free will to choose how to act, all behavior is guided by hedonism (pleasure/pain calculation), all crime is the result of free will and hedonism, all punishment should fit the offense (equal treatment under law) and bad people are nothing more that the result of bad laws. It is important to note that the classical school was not very much concerned with criminals. They rejected retribution-based punishment because it focused too much on individual criminals than crime, crime control, the reform of the criminal justice system and the making of good laws. Second was Positivist School, Positivist school of thought assumes that criminal behavior is the result of internal and external factors outside of the individual’s control. The part of Positivism that referred to as “positive” was the forward-looking attitude toward social and personal betterment (the perfectibility of both society and human nature), Positivism is the search for other, multiple factors as the cause of human behavior. It represents a distinct shift from a focus on law and crime control to the inner workings of the criminal mind, and what makes it tick. Positivism can be broken up into three segments mainly biological, psychological and social positivism. Biological theory treats the defects and protects society from the untreatable. Psychological theory, predicts, prevents and therapeutically intervenes. Intervention therapies include psychoanalysis, group therapy, counseling, family therapy, drug treatment, and reconditioning. Psychoanalysis involves correcting childhood problems. Cognitive therapy involves learning new ways to think, tendency to do better with sexual and violent crimes, but ignores situational factors and has some untreatable assumptions. Sociological positivism claims that societal factors such as poverty, membership of subcultures, or low levels of education can incline people to crime. There is a term in psychology namely “Motive”. Motive is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action towards a desired goal, the reason for the action that which gives purpose and direction to behavior. Criminology covers the concepts of motive to a vast extend. Criminology studies the motives behind any crime that takes place but motives alone is usually not sufficient explanations by themselves. There may be facilitating or triggering factors like presence of a gun and victim provocation. There are mainly to date 67 motives and to understand these motives same number of theories are developed. Some of them are mostly common in people of Pakistan, briefly written here are some of them to understand the reason behind crimes. Anti Social Personality disorder are one of the main factors behind crime and is very common problem in Pakistani society, it includes individuals who cannot contain their urges to harm people physically or mentally, repeatedly for no apparent reason are  to suffer from some mental illness. They may be choosing not to control their urges, they know right from wrong. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) main traits are that they are impenitent, Apathetic to others, blameful of others, Manipulative and conning, affectively cold, socially irresponsible, disregardful of obligations, nonconforming to norms, Irresponsible. The occurrence of APD is twice as high for inner-city residents as compared to people of rural & five times higher in males than in females. It affects people in all social classes, but if someone with APD is born into a family of wealth and privilege, they will usually manage to seek out a successful business or political career. They further fall into one of two types that are sociopath or psychopath. Sociopath is a person who has something wrong with his or her conscience. Sociopaths only care about fulfilling their own needs and desires. Their selfishness and egocentricity know no bounds. Everything and everybody else around them are just objects used as footholds to fulfill their own needs and desires. They often believe they are doing something good for society or at least nothing that bad. Psychologists and sociologists frequently use the term “sociopath” alike in referring to persons whose character is due primarily to parental failures (usually fatherlessness) rather than an inherent feature of temperament. Common Sociopaths are the largest subtype and have a weak or unelaborated conscience. They are not ashamed by the same things as you or I would be. Common sociopaths would be like undomesticated children growing up, taking pleasures and gratifying impulses at every opportunity or temptation. As teenagers, they are often runaways. As adults, they are often geographically mobile, living in shelters, or taking advantage of welfare systems. They are experienced shoplifters. Nevertheless, they seem genuinely happy with their lives, unburdened by any sense of negative self-worth or the fact that they have not been a functional, contributing member of society. Alienated Sociopaths never develop the ability to love, empathizes or socialize with individuals. They will show more emotion toward their pet or a personal artifact than toward a person or they may hate animals and live out their emotional life by watching TV. They will not get along with the neighbors or colleagues. They have a cold, callous attitude toward human suffering or any social problem in the society they live in. Most of them believe their behavior is justified because they feel betrayed in one way or the other by society.  Most of them will be more than happy to rant and rave about it to anyone who listens. They are chronic complainers. Aggressive Sociopaths derive strong, yet non-perverse satisfaction from traumatizing others. They like to hurt, frighten, tyrannize, bully, and manipulate, they do this for the sense of power and control. They polish their aggressive, domineering manner in such a way to disguise any intimidation others might feel. They seek out positions of power such as bureaucrat, supervisor or police officer. Control theories take the opposite approach from other theories in criminology. Instead of asking what drives people to commit crime they ask why, do most people not commit crime? Control theorists generally argue that there is no problem explaining why people commit crime since all human beings suffer from inborn human weaknesses that make them unable to resist temptation and this theory focus on restraining or controlling factors that are broken or missing inside the personalities of criminals. Inequality & unemployment are also among factors that cause individuals to take drastic action resulting in a dire consequence, unemployment & inequality does cause crime among people. One of the things about the Pakistan economy is the constant widening of the gap between rich and poor, thus also creating a negative psychological gap among the informal & formal groups.

One of the theories that revealed a true form of our society was the Labeling theory, it dictates that labeling and reacting to offenders as “criminals” or “worthless” has unexpected negative consequences, deepening the individual behavior and making the situation worse.  Labeling theorists believe that the criminal justice system is dangerous in the sense that it is “casting the net” of social control too widely. We will often observe in our surroundings that unemployed youngsters face humiliation by their parents on day-to-day basis sometimes. The process of tagging, defining, identifying, segregating, describing, and emphasizing any individual out for special treatment becomes a way of stimulating, suggesting, and evoking the very traits that are complained of.  A person becomes the thing rather than a human being. Being useless or a criminal becomes a person’s status.  It controls the way they identify or what they think of them self.  Others do not consider their other statuses — that of spouse, parent, or worker — only that they are superficially a useless thing or a criminal.  Sometimes this public scrutiny might scare or shame a person into conformity, but most likely, it has the effect of pushing the person to the point where they forfeit all further attempts at conformity.  An identity change takes place where the person’s self-concept loses any further stake in conformity, and because a deviant self-image is now in place, there is pressure to behave consistently as nonstandard.  Furthermore, people who get labeled nonstandard tend to lose contact with their conformist friends and start associating with similarly labeled nonstandard deviants. There are also theories in criminology that believe that criminality is a function of individual socialization, how individuals have been influenced by their experiences or relationships with family relationships, peer groups, teachers, church, authority figures, and other agents of socialization.  These are learning theories, and specifically social learning theories, because criminology never really embraced the psychological determinism inherent in most learning psychologies. There are plenty of negative test cases showing that not everyone who associates with criminals becomes a criminal. Biological conditions or Hormones also have an enormous impact on criminology. One of the first things you will notice about psychobiological criminology a branch of criminology that deals with psychological problems relating biology of human, is its inordinate concern for violent, aggressive crime. Not only are there certain organs inside the body that produce aggression, but aggressive stimuli outside the body will trigger bodily reactions producing a hefty amount of neurologically high hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands, the brain, gastrointestinal organs, sex organs, the kidney, the heart, the pineal gland, the skin and the hair.  They exert a strong influence on behavior, principally by inducing brain events that prompt people to behave in certain ways to environmental stimuli.  Hormones not only influence reactive or conscious behavior after environmental cues, but they also influence anticipatory or unconscious behavior by knowing what the body needs beforehand, hormones make a person think they want something before they see it. Criminology has many other theories and sub branches that need to be examined thoroughly if we want to understand the increasing ratio of crime and frustration in our society, one or two pages would not even be enough to write all the names of the sixty-seven contemporary theories. Government is not doing any serious efforts to improve the current conditions of our jails or society. One would be amazed to know that the government of Pakistan does not offer any psychiatrist services to the inmates in jails. There is only one officially hired psychologist in Punjab that resides in DIG office Lahore, I cannot understand the reason behind it but it seems that stress of work in DIG office would be more as compared to work in jails of Pakistan. Criminology is yet to given any proper status as a subject of interest in our society. Improving police and jail conditions can be temporary measures to suppress criminals but we should understand the reason that why ordinary individuals become criminals. Why does a father cut the throats of his own daughters? Why would a man molest an innocent child and cruelly incinerate the body in acid? Why would a person rape a six-year-old when he has daughters of the same age? Why would a pregnant woman be thrown in front of a pack of hungry dogs? Why does justice has to wait years, rotting in files?  These “Whys” remain and will remain if we are not ready to question ourselves that how much are we a part of this “Why”. Maybe Criminology can help us in understanding the criminal concealed in us.

Chronic headache, or chronic daily headache (CDH)  are defined as headaches that occur more than 15 days per month for longer than 3 months. Chronic daily headache is not a diagnosis but a category that contains many disorders representing primary and secondary headaches. The primary headaches include migraine, tension-type, and cluster headaches. The prolonged or very frequent headaches are usually known as the chronic headaches. Secondary headaches are caused by medical conditions, such as infection or increased pressure in the skull due to a growing tumor. These account for a very small percentage of all headaches.

Many treatments and technique are available, both to relieve and prevent these headaches pain. All these treatments depending on which type of headache you have.  The medications known to play a role in treatment headches such as analgesics, Beta blockers, antidepressant and Injections of anesthetics. These medications do not cure headaches completely and just give the timely relief. There are numerous side effects with these medications and if you use these medications in a frequent manner and for a longer period of time, they will lose their necessary effect. To be on the safe side, there are many natural alternatives for pain relief which are quite effective:

1. Stress management and relaxation techniques: Meditation, Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Yoga. Some people get relief by reaching a state of near hypnosis using meditation or what some people call self-hypnosis. Biofeedback can be learned in a few easy sessions. Practitioners of Yoga know a few positions that can relieve a variety of headaches.

2. Drinking plenty of water. Headaches happen to be one of the best indicators of dehydration. You need to drink at least eight glasses of water to help keep you in optimum health and lessen the onset of some headaches.

3. Massage.  Firm massage of the forehead, neck, and scalp has been reported to help relieve a headache. Massage is a great weapon to relieve stress.

4. Acupuncture. Acupuncture is based in part on the premise that blood and energy termed Qi (pronounced chee) circulate in a cyclical fashion through these meridians. This energy flow is required for good health.  may relieve some of the symptoms of your tension-type headache by helping to reduce tension in your muscles.

5. Apply an ice pack. Wrap an ice pack in a dry towel, and apply the cloth to your forehead in 10- to 20-minute intervals. Cold therapy reduces inflammation and relaxes tense muscles.

6. Diet

Changing your diet is probably the easiest way to avoid and remedy headaches, as it only takes simple changes and is primarily in your control.

-Avoid Caffeine. Caffeine is a widely used substance that comes not only in coffee, but also tea, chocolate, certain medications and soft drinks. When used regularly, a caffeine dependency can form and withdrawing the substance may lead to severe headaches.

- Avoid tyramine. Tyramine is a substance in certain foods that appears after the breakdown of protein. Sensitivity to tyramine may cause acute headaches.  Foods high in tyramine include aged cheese, Vinegar (relish, salad dressings, sauces, catsup), Organ meats (kidney liver), alcoholic beverages (especially red wine), Sour Cream, Soy sauce, Yogurt, some processed meats, Yeast extracts  pickles, onions, olives, fava beans, raisins, nuts, avocados, canned soups.

- Avoid Food preservatives or additives. Food preservatives (or additives) contained in certain foods can trigger headaches. Many foods contain certain additives like artificial flavors, colors, or sweeteners, which may be the culprits behind nasty headaches. These additives may change the amount of blood flow to the brain and trigger a headache. Certain food additives,including Monosodium Glutamatem, aspartame, saccharin, nuts, hot dogs, ham, sausage, bacon, luncheon meats, chinese foods, soups, dressings, mayonnaise, frozen foods or potato chips.

- Reduce your salt intake. too much salt can and does cause headaches.

7. Try some Aromatherapy. Aromatherapy is an ancient healing art that has been used to treat and cure stress headaches for ages. It works well whether you are using massage oils or inhaling the different herbal oils. Using aromatherapy to treat headaches is nothing new as this method of healing has been around for centuries.

8. Reflexology. Reflexology is touted as a treatment for all sorts of ailments, and clinical studies seem to confirm its effectiveness for some, including headaches. Use the thumb and index finger of one hand to apply pressure to the fleshy area between the thumb and index finger of the other hand. Hold this for a minute or two. This doesn’t seem to work for everyone, but for some people, this provides immediate relief. The relief may be temporary, or you may get rid of your headache entirely.

9. Remove yourself from the trigger. If you think you know what triggered your headache or, alternately, what’s aggravating it, avoid that thing. If it’s stress, for example, remove yourself from the stressful situation and try to relax. If the sun’s bright light is aggravating your headache, go inside or put on some sunglasses. You can’t get away from some triggers, such as a food that you already ate, but you can avoid them in the future.

10. Consult your doctor or chiropractor if you get frequent, long-lasting, or very severe headaches. Most tension headaches cause mild to moderate pain and go away on their own fairly quickly, even in the absence of treatment. These are known as episodic tension headaches. Chronic tension headaches, on the other hand, can last for days, weeks, or even longer. These often require special treatment and, sometimes, prescription medications. Other types of headaches, including migraine headaches and cluster headaches, can also be longer-lasting and can cause excruciating pain.

Finally, it’s important to note that frequent or severe headaches may be symptoms of another illness or disorder. If you experience frequent or severe headaches, or headaches that are accompanied by other symptoms, such as nausea, vision problems, or dizziness, you might want to make an appointment with your doctor to get an accurate diagnosis and effective treatments.  Headaches can be a sign of many different things, always consult your health care provider for any health care concerns you may have.

Studies have shown that an ingredient, found in cayenne pepper called “Capsaicin”, may actually provide some relief to elderly stiff joints. Creams that contain this ingredient were used on check subjects found significant positive results over a 4 week period.

Today they have access to the very best information on joint pain relief, without the use of harmful prescription drugs or costly, dangerous surgeries (which usually do more harm than nice). Now, they understand that protecting our joints from the normal effects of aging, or relieving sore, aching joints is not as hard as they seven times thought…

Glucosamine is seven of the most popular natural substances used to treat joint pain & inflammation. It is a compound that is found naturally in the body. It is made from glucose & the amino acid glutamine.

The capsaicin cream was applied on the skin & delivered a warm sensation over the area & temporarily impeded the chemical that delivers the pain signal to the brain. More studies are underway, but capsaicin may be a future treatment well worth pursuing.

It is needed to produce glycosaminoglycan, a molecule used in the formation & repair of cartilage & other body tissues. As they get older, the production of glucosamine slows down significantly. This may be seven reason why more seniors are finding success with natural supplements that include glucosamine as seven of the main ingredients.

Some joint pains may be caused by a chronic ailment called gout. It is a painful inflammation of the joints in the hands & feet in the great toe due to the excess of uric acid in the body. If your joint pain is caused by this condition, gout medications may be used to alleviate the pain.

Probenecid, for instance, is a traditional choice when it comes to promoting uric acid excretion. However, this medication is not advised to patients with a kidney problem because it predisposes a him or her to kidney stones. Another medication for gout is Allopurinol. This seven works by reducing the production of uric acid.

A lot of pet owners turn to supplements to help aid dog joint care, such as anti-inflammatory medications prescribed by a veterinarian to relieve joint pain in your pet. The side effects from these medications are usually very disagreeable though, with side effects including liver problems, ulcers, vomiting & excessive urination.

Although Calendula does not provide any cure or long term relief for rheumatoid arthritis, lots of people who use calendula infusions believe that it’s magical properties to relieve joint pain. On a scientific level, using marigold as herb activates carotenes.

Polyphones & phytosterols together with EFAs that act as a penetration formula that could drastically improve the blood & oxygen flow in the affected areas of your body. Lots of people seek antibiotics & strong medications in order to get rid of the pain as soon as possible so they can get back to their normal life.

Cat Health threats fall into two major categories. Bodily harm from fighting, accidents, or cruel humans is one category. Common illnesses, parasites, and known system weaknesses is the other.
An indoor cat has a huge advantage against the bodily harm threats. A cat that lives outdoors (or ventures out often) is subject to many physical threats. It does depend on the environment, busy suburban areas and rural areas are probably the worst. Quiet neighborhoods, with little traffic and few predators have much less risk.
The same factors have a bearing on the second category too. If a cat is not exposed to other animals or parasites, and receives proper feeding and care the risk for illness and disease is greatly reduced. There still are some natural causes, like kidney problems, that are unavoidable.
Cats are tough little critters. The common tale of a cat having 9 lives is a result of the ability of a cat to survive under the most adverse conditions. A cat’s natural agility, suspicion of everything, and quick reflexes offer a huge advantage against many physical threats. Cats seem to possess a high survival instinct that serves them well too.
Almost any cat owner can tell a story or two of a harrowing escape by their pet from almost certain disaster. And if you’ve ever tried to rescue a feral Tom Cat that didn’t want to be rescued, you are certainly aware of their ability to defend against or escape capture.
I know from experience that some cats (especially rescued cats) want to go outside. And they will make your life miserable if you don’t concede. One solution I’ve found is to make an outdoor shelter of some kind (like a portable dog kennel – but make sure it has a top of some type) or enclosed area. That way the cat gets to go outside but you’ve protected them from most threats. I’ve even seen people put a cat on a leash but none of my cats would ever allow that to happen.
The number one cat health threat to an indoor cat is getting over weight. The more excess weight, the greater the risk for all types of health issues (just like in people). Controlling the amount and type of food is important to your cat’s health. Some dry food (helps keep their teeth clean too), some high protein soft food, and a few table scraps are all OK. It’s when you give them unlimited amounts of all three that the problems start.
Playing with your cat can be important when it comes to weight issues. Don’t let your cat become a couch potato, try to keep them active. A great simple toy such as a stick with a feature tied to a string at the end can provide lots of exercise. Anything that rolls around is a good toy too since most cats will chase it around.
Vaccinations are important and yearly checkups at the Vet can alert you to problems before they become life threatening. Watching your cat for unusual behavior (like not eating or drinking as normal) is important too. Catching any health problems before they become critical can save you lots of frustration and money at the Vet.
Urinary and Kidney infections are common in cats. The most common cause appears to be absorbing too much ash elements from prepared cat food, especially the wet variety. Always check the label on any cat food to check for ash content. I don’t know what levels are acceptable, so I avoid any brands with ash.
Another common cause of urinary and kidney problems are minerals that build up and block the urethra tube. I had a cat that constantly had blockage problems until we changed his food and went to filtered water. A simple filter on your faucet can help both you and you’re cats from too many minerals in your water. Speaking of water, you should always allow access to clean water, hydration is important to keeping your cat healthy.
It’s also recommended that you feed multiple small meals or free feed (cat has 24 hour access to food) than feed one big meal a day. This is true of most animals and people. Small meals are easier to digest and also increase the body’s caloric burn rate, which can help with the weight problems too.
Hookworms, roundworms, and tapeworms are common parasites that present severe health threats to cats. Hookworms are the worst since they live in the intestines and suck blood from the host. Hookworms can cause death from creating severe anemia in very short periods of time. Roundworms will steal nutrients and make the host more susceptible to many illnesses. Tapeworms will consume nutrients and cause rapid weight loss.
Parasites can be visible in fecal matter or be found with blood tests by your Vet. That’s why it’s good to try and makes sure your cat gets an annual checkup. Or if you notice your cat eating more but not gaining any weight, or becoming listless, you should immediately have your Vet do some fecal and blood tests.
If you’d like to learn more about common cat health issues, you can find more information at our website listed below. We haven’t got all the answers but we are starting to get some good input about many cat health problems.

110 Lb Female Spayed German Sheperd – Excessive Water Intake (age… The first signs of Renal Failure (Chronic Kidney Failure) are often increased thirst and thus, increased urination. This condition is most common in dogs 10 and over (though next to larger breeds it can occur earlier). Your veterinarian will need to run bloodwork on…11year Old Female Doberman Has Large Mass On Rear Leg That Is Cancer-…Your veterinarian is best able to answer this question. Certain types of dermal tumors are slow to spread, slow to grow, and do not cause much discomfort. Once the cancer starts affecting your dog you may not see local affliction but more systemic…11yr Italian-Greyhound sneezed out mucas former months and tonight reverse…11yr Italian-Greyhound sneezed out mucas past months and tonight reverse sneezing. Lately her skin seems to be red around her eyes and her body a bit pinkish. Serious health risk? Suspcisions? I am not an expert but it may only be a case…12 Day Old Kitten Bleeding From Bum. Can You HELP?This sounds like they may have suffered some injury or digested something awful that is cause the bleeding. Best to get them to a vet right away 12 Month Female Pitbull Been Vomiting, Drooling, Not Eating, And Overall…Get her to the vet, it could be any number of things, she could have ate something that is like poison, or she could hold been hurt and you just didn’t know about it. There could be something blocking her intestines, and that…12 Month Old Black Lab Has Red Rashes Between Pads On Paws What Is…Red rashes on the paw of your dog can be due to Contact allergy Inhalant allergy Insect bite Exposure to chemicals Nutritional deficiencies So, your dog needs to be examined by the vet to find out…1-2 mouth mature kitten have swollen & oozing eyes.What’s the thing?We found this kitten outside, mother no where to be found. The kitten had about 25 flies adjectives over it and it’s eyes and very swollen and oozing quite a bit. What should be done about the eyes? Why be there flies, will she…12 Year Old Dog Has Fever Sleeping A Lot And Isn’t Eating But Is Drinking…Most likely this is just a reaction to the shots. Like when we take the flu shot and then come down with a cold. As long as she is drinking fluids, I wouldn’t worry too much. If she isn’t fancy better…12 Year Old Dog Is Peeing Everywhere And Licking It Up. What Can…He has been to the vet and they checked his urine found nothing but give him an antibotic. WE put down wee pad but he won’t go on them. Not let her lick you. She is probably doing this because she…12 Year Old Lab Mix Will Not Get Up Today, Last Two Days Would With…The penis of your dog might be not going so well so you have to suck it Phoning a vet is the most practical thing you can do! 12 Years Old Beagle/terrier Is Acting Oddly. She Walks Stiffly (up/down…It sounds like your pup needs to take a trip to the vet. She could be suffering from a communal ailment which could be causing the stiffness. Maybe check into some physical therapy or a glucosamine supplement that you could give…12 Yr Old Dog W/ Nasal Discharge, Cough, What To Do?My German shepherd/chow mix diagnosed w/ allergies after seeing 3 vets. Prescribed benadryl, Robitussin DM, and nasal drops. Cough worsened in last 2 weeks, green/yellow/white nasal discharge, to the rear sneeze. Returning to vet next week because of nasal congestion and cough. He eats,…12 Yr Old Lab-mixed Has Low Red Blood Count. Will Not Eat And I’ve…First you have to get him to stop vomiting, do you want to eat when your nauscious? When my lab get a hold of a ciggarette lighter, which he broke and swallowed the fluid, I was a nervous wreck. I…12yr Old Pomeranian, Wheezes BADLY When Breathing. Any Home Care Advice?…12yr old Pomeranian The wheezing in dogs can be due to narrowing of the air alley due to allergy to pollen, dust, chemicals used for floor cleaning and insect bite. Other reasons can be asthma and viral infection. It is better to visit…13 Year Old Boston Terrier Is Frequently Urinating, What Could It…If your dog is drinking a lot it could possibly be diabetic or it could be a urine tract infection, or incontinence does he do it will sleeping if so it very possibly be incontinence, Give your vet a call and bring checked probably can…13 Year Old Cat Swollen Stomach,What To Do?Your cat needs to be examined by a veterinarian. Fluid distention is a common cause of sudden swelling of the stomach. This can be due to a serious and life span threatening problem. Your cat needs a thorough examination, abdominal fluid tap, possible ultrasound and blood work. My cat…13 Year Old Yorkie, Panting, Lethargy, Pacing. Is Eating, Drinking,…Did you dog get hurt recently? It’s possible that the symptoms are a cause of stress, so I would suggest that you monitor him over the subsequent 24 hours to see if he gets any worse. I would also suggest, since his stomach…14 Year Female Cat Won’t Eat Lost Weight ,l?Your cat is losing weight because she is not eating and loss of appetite is general signs of virus in cats and dogs. These animals stop eating when become sick. Almost all diseases and conditions can wreak loss of appetite. Following are major diseases that cause…14 Year Old Cat Is Defecating Outside Of Litter Box. We Added Additional…He has been to the vet everything checked out ok. His eyesight seems fine. He will walk right next to box or at times away from box. Stools also change from normal to runny. Help! He is running our carpet. He…14 Year Old Cat Seems To Have Aged Quickly, Can You Help?If you see a sudden dramatic change in your cats routine, like drinking habits, lack of grooming, or sleeping more often, next this could be a warning sign that something is going on. She should be seen by her veterinarian soon. 14 Year Old Cat Throwing Up Clear Liquids, Can You Help?It is very common complain of cat owner that their cat is throwing clear fluid. Occasional episodes of watery vomiting is not a situation of great concern but if frequent episodes are present along with some other signs of illness then it is medical…14 Year Old Dog,contained by Heat, Won’t Eat, Can You Help?Sounds like it’s just love sick right now. Gee, even relatives get like that. I wouldn’t worry too much. This too shall pass 14 Yr Old Neutered Cat – Blood In Urine, Has Had Three Rounds Of Antibiotics;…He isn’t good at the vet and would have to be put under for xray and I don’t want him put beneath. What else can be done. I had a cat like that once, he had to hold…15 Week Old Kitten, vomiting as soon as she eat, constipated.What’s…My 15 week old kitten has not been competent to keep her food down for the past two days. We took her to the vet this morning, who said it might be a hairball or something else got lodged within her gut. We…15 Year Old Cat Losing Weight, Eats Little, What Is Wrong?Eye’s bright ,haws not showing — in and outdoor hunter . What is wrong? Many possibilities. If you are concerned enough then I’d seize her to a vet to find out. Could be hyperthyroid, cancer, a bad tooth, diabetes. If you have had…16 Year Old Dog Cannot Open Or Close Jaw, It Is Frozen, He Cannot…Ever heard of lock-jaw? Get that dog to a vet! NOW! 16 Year Old Male Neutered Cat Was Treated For Hyperthyroidism 5 Years…The treatment for hyperthyroidism is surgical removal of the thyroid gland/nodule, radioactive iodine, or daily medication. If your cat had either surgery or the iodine treatment afterwards the thyroid gland is not the problem. If your cat was treated medically 5 years ago and…16 Years Old Daschund Male With Renal Failure. Has Shivering Even…Most animals will shiver when in pain, so its quite possible your dog is within pain. You can talk to your local vet about giving the dog throbbing medication to help manage this pain and see if this help improve it’s quality of…16 Yr Old Canine Mix Breed Just Started Coughing, He Does This A Couple…Coughing is often the first sign of heart failure. Given your dog’s age this is possible. There are other causes of coughing close to upper respiratory infection, heartworm disease, pneumonia, bronchitis, and neoplasia. This dog needs to be examined by a veterinarian. They will…16mth Old Mini-doxie Throwing Up Randomly Past 2 Weeks. She’s About…For the past 2 weeks my 16mth old mini-doxie has be throwing up. About 2 episodes each week. 3 out of 4 times she has been playing/running w/a globe & then starts coughing/heaving & throws up chunks. 1 time she went out to… More Animals answers please visit : isFAQ.com

It may come as a surprise, if you’re a new cat owner, that many health problems may befall your feline friend. Some problems are easily preventable, while others are hereditary.HairballsHairballs are among the most common of cat health problems. Cats groom themselves almost constantly, and swallow the loose hair that comes off their tongues. Occasionally, the hair gathers into a ball and lodges in the cat’s digestive tract instead of passing on through the body. If your cat starts coughing and hacking, he probably has a hairball. While the end product is unpleasant for the owner, most cats don’t have a problem dislodging hairballs. However, hairballs can occasionally pass into a cat’s intestines and cause a blockage. This can be a life-threatening problem. There are a few signs to look for to see if your cat’s hairball is dangerous. If your cat is constipated, off his feed, or is lethargic with a dull coat, then he could have a serious blockage. A vet exam is definitely in order.To prevent hairballs, groom your cat frequently to remove loose hair. In addition, feed your cat food that helps control hairballs.WormsFor many cats, worms are a recurring problem. Roundworms, tapeworms, and hookworms most commonly infect cats. Cats can occasionally develop heartworms, as well. If your cat seems unable to gain wait, is infested with fleas, or has white specks that look like grains of rice in his stools, take him to the veterinarian for worm testing.Worms are easily cured with a few doses of medication, but if left untreated, they can be fatal.Urinary Tract InfectionsUrinary tract infections are another common health problem in cats. This infection is particularly common in unneutered male cats, although female cats can also develop this problem. If your cat suddenly stops using the litter box, a urinary tract infection is suspect. If your cat’s urine smells strong, again a urinary tract infection may be the cause. These infections need to be treated by a veterinarian. Ask about cat foods that reduce the likelihood of another infection.Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)FIP is caused by a mutation of the corona virus. According to some experts, cats living in multi-cat environments tend to test positive for enteric corona virus. Cats can live with that virus remaining quietly in the intestines with no sign of disease for their entire lifetime. In other cases, probably a genetic pre-disposition, the virus mutates into FIP.Once a cat has contracted FIP, it will display symptoms of a mild upper respiratory infection: sneezing, watery eyes, and nasal discharge. It may also have diarrhea, weight loss and lethargy. Most cats fully recover from this primary infection, although some may become virus carriers. A small percentage of exposed cats develop lethal FIP weeks or even years after the primary infection.Feline Immunodeficiency VirusFIV, or cat AIDS, is not always fatal. FIV decreases the ability of the cat’s immune system to fight infections. Cats with FIV may remain free of symptoms for years. It is when the cat contracts other illnesses in the chronic stage of FIV infection that FIV is first suspected. This long list of illnesses includes oral-cavity infections, upper-respiratory infections, weight loss, ear infections, kidney disease, and many others. Although there is, as yet, no vaccine, all cats should be tested for the virus. The virus is transmitted through saliva, usually when a cat is bitten in a cat fight.Feline Leukemia VirusFLV was, until recently, the most common fatal disease of cats. But with a vaccine now available, the number of cases is dwindling. Although the name leukemia means cancer of the white blood cells, this is only 1 of the many diseases associated with this virus, such as other types of cancer, anemia, arthritis and respiratory infections. FLV is preventable if the cat is immunized before being exposed to the virus. Although the disease is not always immediately fatal, cats with FLV rarely have a long life expectancy. NEVER bring other cats into your household when you have a cat with FLV.Lyme DiseaseIf your cat spends time outdoors, you should check him regularly for ticks. If you find a tick on your cat’s body and he has been lethargic and acts as if he is in pain, ask your vet to test for Lyme Disease. This disease is transmitted to people and animals by deer ticks.Some cats may show subtle symptoms while others may show none — symptoms are hard to recognize and often may be confused with other illnesses or old age. Be observant of your pet’s behavior. It is the only way to know if your pet has contracted Lyme disease if no tick was found. Some symptoms of Feline Lyme Disease include:(a) lethargy,(b) reluctance to jump or climb stairs,(c) limping, or reluctance to put weight on a paw,(d) loss of appetite.The key to dealing with Feline Lyme Disease is prevention and early diagnosis and treatment. You should reduce the tick population around your home with simple landscape changes and spraying.Good Health CareTaking your cat for a regular check-up with the vet, and keeping all vaccinations on schedule will help assure your cat a long and healthy life. Prevention is the first line of defense for most feline illnesses. Many owners keep their cats indoors to protect them from cars, from cat fights which may expose them to deadly viruses, from ticks, and other hazards.Outdoor cats will enjoy greater freedom, but require a watchful eye, loving attention to their health status, and regular visits to the veterinarian.

We will start with covering specific tricks for different dog breeds and then move to more general information for all dogs.  At the end we will share a resource that can be used to find information about grooming cats as well.  There are different tips for grooming different breeds of dogs.  The trick is to know the breed, the type of coat it has, and the methods used to groom and style each one.

 

The Affenpinscher has a very harsh coat and sheds very little hair. Very little grooming is needed. You can comb or brush the fur weekly, but it should never be clipped. Plucking is sometimes necessary. Pay special attention to the eyes as hair can grow at the sides.

 

The Norfolk Terrier sheds lightly with a shaggy, waterproof coat that is medium in length. Daily brushing is needed, though you should pay extra attention when this dog is shedding. Baths and dry shampoos should be given only when needed.

 

Afghan Hounds have a long, thick coat that does require grooming on a daily basis. This breed is prone to mats and tangles, which can be prevented with daily brushing. An occasional bath, maybe twice a week, will help as well. This breed is an average shedder.

 

Dalmatians are clean dogs, though their short coat sheds constantly throughout the year and heavily twice a year. This dog should be brushed regularly, at least once or twice a week, to remove dead hairs and control shedding. Baths should be given only when necessary.

 

The Norwegian Elkhound has a hard, coarse coat which resists both water and dirt. This breed should be brushed regularly. Because this dog is a sheds seasonally, it’s best at this time to use a rubber brush or wooden comb with a double row of metal teeth to remove dead hair. Baths should be given only when needed.

 

For Airedale Terriers, because of their hard, short-haired coat, this breed needs a lot of grooming. They have a  double coat, which requires plucking twice a year.Iif their coat is kept stripped, these dogs will do very little shedding. Wash the beard regularly to keep it free of food residue.

 

The English Setter is an average shedder with a soft, flat coat that is medium in length. This dog should be brushed regularly to prevent tangles, and you should give extra attention during the shedding seasons. The nails should also be clipped regularly, and the hair on the bottom of the feet should also be trimmed. Baths or dry shampoos should be given only when needed.

 

The Old English Sheepdog is a seasonally heavy shedder with a long, coarse coat. Grooming should be done frequently to prevent mats, tangles and skin problems. Brush this breed at least three times per week, and keep the hair around the eyes and rear-end trimmed.

 

The American Bulldog is an average shedder with a short, harsh coat. This breed is very easy to groom. Use a firm bristle brush.Bathe only when necessary.

 

The Papillon is an average shedder with a long, silky coat. They should be brushed several times a week. Pay attention to the hair behind the ears and on the belly to keep mats from forming. The nails should be clipped and the teeth cleaned regularly. Baths or dry shampoos can be given when necessary.

 

The Pekingese is an average shedder with a long, double coat. The coat must be brushed daily to keep mats from forming, . The face and eyes should be regularly cleaned. Dry shampoos can be given on a regular basis.

 

Though the Finnish Spitz is a seasonally heavy shedder, they do have a very clean coat with no doggie smell. Dead hairs do need to be removed from the coat, so this breed should be brushed regularly. Washing is not necessary.

 

The Golden Retriever is an average shedder with a soft, thick, water-repellent outercoat and a fairly dense undercoat. To decrease shedding, brush regularly with a firm bristle brush, once daily if possible. You should only bathe this breed when needed, but it can be given a dry shampoo fairly regularly. Take care when removing mats.

 

The Saint Bernard can have either a shorthaired coat or a rough-haired coat. The shorthaired coat is dense and smooth, while the rough-haired coat is longer with feathering on the thighs and legs. These breeds shed twice a year and require daily brushing with a firm bristle brush. Baths should be given only when necessary and a mild soap must be used to avoid stripping the coat of its oils.

 

The coat of the Saluki can be either smooth or feathered. Both have short, silky hair. The feathered coat, however, has feathering on the ears, tail and legs. Brush both coats occasionally. Also make sure to clean the ears

 

There are several general problems you may be faced with.  Let’s start with dog odor, something you’re probably going to be asked to deal with at some point. In some cases, these odors are not grooming related. They are…

 

Bad Breath – Plaque and infected teeth or gums can produce a foul odor. Also, some diseases like kidney failure can also cause bad breath.

 

Infected Ears – This condition also causes a foul odor.

 

Anal Glands/Sacs – When a dog has a bowel movement, and these sacs become infected, this can also cause a bad odor.

 

If you suspect that any of these may be the cause, refer your client to a vet and there is little you will be able to do about the condition other than a normal grooming. Just be advised that this may not be enough to get rid of the odor.

 

We should also cover what to do to undo the summer damage that will be done to your client’s dog. This is a common problem because of the summer heat and humidity.

 

Let’s start with brushing. The longer the hair of the breed, the more frequently brushing needs to be done. Some breeds can be brushed once a week. Others need to be brushed daily.

 

A matted coat will trap heat and moisture and make your dog quite uncomfortable. Brushing greatly helps prevent against matting.

 

You should use a conditioning and untangling spray before brushing to make brushing easier. Use a steal pinned comb to make sure all the knots have been removed.

 

As for shampooing, some breeds need to be shampooed at least once a week if not more, especially in the summer. After shampooing, make sure you follow with a conditioning rinse. If you’re going to use a hair dryer after washing, set it to the lowest and coolest setting to avoid burning the dog’s skin.

 

For a free report that covers how to start a dog grooming business or just find information on classes available online to learn to groom your own pet, please check out http://petgroomingtips.info/

 

Few things give us as much pleasure as owning a dog. Dogs make wonderful companions and it is no wonder they have become known as “man’s best friend”.  A dog will always greet you with joy and happiness unlike people who can be grumpy or unpleasant at times. Dog owners always speak about their pet’s “unconditional love” and this is a fact because a dog will always be devoted to his owner, even if that owner is not the most pleasant of people!

Dogs have become so popular as pets that many people don’t realize the time and energy it can take to properly take care of them, and some people buy a dog at the spur of a moment without giving much thought to whether they can care for him or not. This results in thousands of dog being abandoned. If you’re considering buying or adopting a dog you should know that not all dogs are the same, some breeds are more high maintenance than others and you should choose a breed that suits your lifestyle. Wheaten terriers are high maintenance dogs for a few reasons that we shall go into in this article.

Wheaten terriers are a breed of dog that originated in Ireland. They were originally bred as an all purpose farm dog whose duties varied from watching, guarding and herding livestock to hunting vermin. While most terriers can sometimes be aggressive, this is not so with the Wheaten terrier. They are mellower than other terriers.

Wheaten terriers are famous for their coat which is very soft and comprises of hair, not fur. The Wheaten terrier is a popular dog with allergic dog owners due to the fact that they have a single coat of hair and shed very little making them relatively hypoallergenic. There are four coat types: American, English, Heavy Irish and Traditional Irish.

Wheaten terriers are medium sized dogs that don’t shed; their hair keeps growing and so requires regular grooming and trimming, making them a high maintenance dog to keep. Whether or not you keep your dog indoors or out, he will need to be brushed regularly if you are to avoid his coat from becoming matted or tangled. These dogs also require more frequent bathing than most other dogs because of their soft coat.

Like all terriers, the Wheaten terrier is an active, playful breed that needs exercise if it is to thrive. They respond well to positive training and harsh or aggressive treatment may result in a dog that fear bites. They are highly intelligent dogs that require a substantial amount of attention. If you don’t have the time to give to your dog, this may not be the breed for you.

Wheaten terriers make great family pets, often being very good with children and other pets. Early training ensures your dog is well adjusted to a home environment and they can be very protective of their human pack” without being overly aggressive.

Wheaten terriers are generally a hardy breed though they are prone to a condition known as protein-losing nephropathy (PLN). This condition results in protein loss from the kidneys and can be fatal. Inflammatory bowel disease, renal dysplasia, Addison’s disease and cancer are other health issues Wheaten terriers may develop.

Pets are a great addition to any household. However, there are costs involved to caring for a pet. When it comes to sicknesses and diseases a pet can befall, heartworm is quite common. Pet owners should ask themselves: is your pet’s life worth $5-7 a month? That’s all it costs to protect your pet against heartworms. A once a month heartworm treatment can prevent your pet from becoming infested with heartworms.

Heartworms, one of the most dangerous parasites in domestic animals, are particularly insidious because they often show no signs at all until the infected animal – usually a dog – is heavily infested and severely ill. In fact, according to the American Heartworm Society, most dogs show no physical indications of infection until the disease has progressed to the point where treatment is no longer feasible.

In other words, when signs of heartworm become visible, it is usually too late to treat the dog for the disease. The best way to diagnose heartworms in dogs is through a blood test done by your veterinarian. A blood sample taken by the vet is examined through a microscope for the presence of microfilaria – immature heartworms. If microfilaria are present, it means that your dog has adult heartworms in his heart muscle and must be treated for them. The treatment is a long, involved process, and can be dangerous to your dog, so prevention is extremely important. To understand how important routine heartworm preventative is to your dog’s health – and to the health of other dogs in your area – you need to understand what heartworm is, how it spreads and how it affects your dog.

What Heartworm Is

Heartworms are parasitic round worms that live primarily in the heart muscle of dogs, though there is a growing incidence of heartworms being found in other animals including cats, wolves, foxes, skunks and ferrets. They can grow as long as fourteen inches. A single heartworm can eventually kill your dog, though infected dogs may have up to 300 adult worms living inside their hearts. A heartworm can live for up to seven years, and produce millions of microfilaria in its lifetime.

Microfilaria are also present a danger to your dog. The microscopic worm larvae live in your pet’s bloodstream and travel through his circulatory system. When they are present in large numbers, they can clog tiny capillaries and impair circulation, causing multiple problems.

The signs of heartworm infestation vary with the number of worms, the location of worms, the length of time the worms have been present and the amount of damage done to the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys from the adult worms and the microfilariae.

Adult worms cause damage by clogging the heart and the major blood vessels leading from the heart. Their presence keeps the heart valves from working properly, and reduces the blood supply to the lungs, liver and kidneys. This leads to a malfunction of these organs, including cirrhosis of the liver.

The most obvious signs of heartworm infection are a chronic soft, dry cough, shortness of breath, low stamina, weakness, listlessness and nervousness. Because heartworms impair circulation and interfere with the delivery of oxygen to the body, these signs are most obvious after exercise. A dog with advanced heartworm infestation may even faint after or during vigorous exercising.

A vet may notice other signs of heartworm infestation on examination. He or she may hear abnormal heart and lung sounds, or note congestive heart failure symptoms. The abdomen and legs may swell from fluid accumulation, and the dog may lose weight or be anemic. Infected dogs may die suddenly during exercise or excitement from congestive heart failure.

How Heartworm Spreads

Heartworm is spread from one infected dog to another by mosquitoes. The cycle starts when a mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected dog. The blood that the mosquito ingests is infested with microfilaria – immature heartworms. That microfilaria will live in the mosquito’s digestive system over the next two to three weeks, maturing there. When they are mature, they move from the digestive system to the mouth parts of the mosquito. The next time that the mosquito takes a blood meal, the microfilaria – which are now called infective larvae – are deposited on the skin of the animal. From there, they burrow into the skin until they reach a blood vessel and are carried through the bloodstream to the heart where they settle in to mature into adults. Within two to three months, the larva will be a sexually mature adult, and start producing microfilaria which is released into the bloodstream to start the cycle all over again.

Heartworm Prevention – What dogs should be protected

Because heartworm is spread by mosquitoes, it is most common in states where the mosquito population is high – but it has been reported in all 50 states. In states that have a mosquito problem year round, all dogs should be treated with heartworm preventative each month. In other states, dogs should be tested for heartworm at the start of mosquito season and if they are not infected, should be treated with heartworm preventative monthly through mosquito season.

It feels great when you entered your door, a pet rushes to your doorstep to greet you. Their warm welcome makes you smile and suddenly lessen or totally get rid of your tiredness from the day’s work. A pet really does something positive towards you especially if it is so much attached due to your endless care.

You may ask, “What is the most popular dog breed?” You might have heard of different dog breeds and perhaps you have seen some of them already. In the past few years, there are dogs that have been in the list of the most popular dog breeds. You may want to adopt one of them and so, knowing those most popular dog breeds could help you pick the most perfect pet for you.

There are some dogs that made their way to the top 100 most popular dog breeds. It will help you get the right dog breed if you know the basic characteristics of these dogs. Below are the dogs that made their way to the top most lists:

This dog works in many ways. It is a very good sidekick of a policeman, it could keep an eye to the young children, guide a blind in his or her way, and it could even guard and protect your house while you are gone. With proper training, this dog can socialize well with other people and could perform its duty and could prevent it from becoming too much aggressive.

A dog that measures up to 10 inches, this playful pet is so affectionate and loves companionship but it remains fearless and alert that makes it a better watchdog, though it is not easy to train. It is brave enough to challenge bigger dogs and does not like being teased. If you are gentle to it, it will be your good friend.

Considered to be the most popular among the other dog breeds, the Labrador Retriever or Labs for short is a good family dog. Its positive qualities includes being loyal, intelligent, and sweet. Children can even get along with it very well. Its sturdy built allows it to suit in a dog completion. You cannot blame it for having an active nature because it still belongs to the family of dog hunters.

You are going to have a great time with this dog because it is naturally born with entertaining abilities. Though athletic and energetic, Boxers are also gentle and loving. They can be your sweet companion and your protector at the same time. They love to play, jump, and are popular for their kidney beaning dance. Good thing they become gentle and funny as they used to put into dog fights.

Golden Retriever possesses the common qualities of the dogs of its kind and is one of the most popular dogs. It can be a watchdog, a police assistant, and a playmate. It is safe for kids, too. What makes it different from other dogs is its ability to remain in a happy mood even if it does not feel well.

What is the most popular dog breed? The list still goes on and the dogs given are the ones that sit on the top most popular dog breeds.